User information method and apparatus for directing link-layer communication

ABSTRACT

A network device has an input configured to receive a message relating to a given user attempting to forward one or more packets across a computer network. The message has given user information relating to the given user. In addition, the routing device also has a selector, operatively coupled with the input, configured to select (after receiving the message) a given group routing policy from a plurality of group routing policies. Preferably, the selector is configured to select the given group routing policy as a function of the given user information. The routing device also has an output operatively coupled with the selector. The output is configured to cause routing of user communication across the network using link-layer routes specified by the given group routing policy.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/011,174, filed 3 Sep. 2020, the entire contents of which isincorporated herein by reference.

RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/011,181, filed on 3 Sep. 2020, and entitled, “DEVICE INFORMATIONMETHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DIRECTING LINK-LAYER COMMUNICATION,” and namingPatrick MeLampy and Abilash Menon as inventors, the disclosure of whichis incorporated herein, in its entirety, by reference.

FIELD

Illustrative embodiments of the generally relate to computer networksand, more particularly, various embodiments of the invention relate tomanaged link-layer routing across a computer network.

BACKGROUND

Routers transmit data across the Internet using the Internet Protocol(“IP”). As known by those in the art, IP serves as the de-facto standardfor forwarding data messages (“datagrams”) between network devicesconnected with the Internet. To that end, IP delivers datagrams across aseries of Internet devices, such as routers, in the form of one or moredata packets.

Users often undergo authentication processes of varying complexities togain access to an application, service, or the Internet. For example, anApplication layer program may produce a graphical user interfacerequesting that the user enter a login name and password. Whileeffective for many uses, such technology lacks certain flexibility andnetwork security.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a network device hasan input configured to receive a message relating to a given userattempting to forward one or more packets across a computer network. Themessage has given user information relating to the given user. Inaddition, the routing device also has a selector, operatively coupledwith the input, configured to select (after receiving the message) agiven group routing policy from a plurality of group routing policies.Preferably, the selector is configured to select the given group routingpolicy as a function of the given user information. The routing devicealso has an output operatively coupled with the selector. The output isconfigured to cause routing of user communication across the networkusing link-layer routes specified by the given group routing policy.

The network device also may include or use a policy database that isoperatively coupled with the selector. The policy database is configuredto contain the plurality of group routing policies. An assignor also maybe operatively coupled with the selector. The assignor may be configuredto assign the given group routing policy to the given user.

The message may relate to authenticating for communication across thenetwork using link-layer routes (e.g., from the OSI model) specified inat least one of a plurality of packets. In that case, the output mayhave a packet modifier, operatively coupled with the selector,configured to modify at least one of the plurality of packets with routeinformation relating to the given group routing policy.

Some embodiments may have an authenticator operatively coupled with theinput and configured to enable execution of authentication processes ofthe given user using the given user information. Various embodiments mayuse other criteria for route selection. For example, when the given useruses an associated given communication device, the selector may beconfigured to select the given group routing policy as a function of thegiven communication device.

The plurality of group routing policies may be configured in a number ofmanners. For example, they may include at least one group routing policyconfigured to permit access on link-layer routes without linkrestriction. As another example, the plurality of group routing policiesalso may include at least one group routing policy configured to permitaccess on link-layer routes specified in the given group routing policy.Thus, the group routing policies may include a mix of these two types ofpolicies. Alternatively or in addition, the plurality of group routingpolicies may include a hierarchical set of group routing policies. Forexample, at least one of the plurality of group routing policies havingat least one sub-group routing policy.

The routing device preferably is generally invisible to the user. Tothat end, the input may be configured to receive the given request toauthenticate from a graphical user interface. As such, the input andselector are configured to not affect the graphical user interface—e.g.,not producing any new indicia as a result of processing by the inputand/or selector. To optimize communications, the routing device furtherinclude a stateful router configured for directing the usercommunications across a stateful route (as opposed to traditionalnon-stateful IP routing).

In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a routing methodreceives a message relating to a given user attempting to forward one ormore packets across a computer network. The message has given userinformation relating to the given user. Next, the method selects, afterreceiving the given data, a given group routing policy from a pluralityof group routing policies. The given group routing policy preferably isselected as a function of the given user information. Finally, themethod assigns the given group routing policy to the given user, anddirects (in some instances, after authentication) routing of usercommunication across the network using link-layer routes specified bythe given group routing policy.

Illustrative embodiments of the invention are implemented as a computerprogram product having a computer usable medium with computer readableprogram code thereon. The computer readable code may be read andutilized by a computer system in accordance with conventional processes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Those skilled in the art should more fully appreciate advantages ofvarious embodiments of the invention from the following “Description ofIllustrative Embodiments,” discussed with reference to the drawingssummarized immediately below.

FIG. 1 schematically shows a hypothetical prior art network that mayimplement illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a prior art technique for fragmenting amessage.

FIG. 3 schematically shows a hypothetical internet that may implementillustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 schematically shows an example of a specific network that mayimplement illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 schematically shows a network routing filter that may beconfigured in accordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 schematically shows additional details of a system with thenetwork routing filter of FIG. 5 and its interaction with its underlyingdevice and/or network in illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7A schematically shows a process of machine/device-based routing inaccordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7B schematically shows a process of user-based routing inaccordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8 schematically shows a graphical user interface that may be usedin accordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9A schematically shows a user tree-structure configured inaccordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9B schematically shows a machine/device tree structure configuredin accordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9C schematically shows a hierarchical data routing structure thatmay be used in illustrative embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10 schematically shows a hypothetical internet that includes aconventional routers and augmented IP routers (AIPRs), according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 schematically shows a layout of an Ethernet header, identifyingfields used for identifying a beginning of a session, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 schematically shows a layout of an IP header, identifying fieldsused for identifying a beginning of a session, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 schematically shows a layout of a TCP header, identifying fieldsused for identifying a beginning of a session, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 schematically shows a block diagram of an AIPR of FIG. 8 ,according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 shows a schematic illustration of information stored in aninformation base by the AIPR of FIGS. 10 and 14 , according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 schematically shows a modified lead packet produced by the AIPRof FIG. 11 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 17 and 18 show flowcharts illustrating operations performed by theAIPR of FIGS. 10 and 14 , according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

In illustrative embodiments, a device can implement policies at thelink-layer to better control routing across a Layer 3 network (e.g., theInternet). To that end, after determining information relating to auser, a routing filter can route packets across the Internet via apre-specified network path based on information relating to thatspecific user. In other embodiments, after determining information aboutthe network device that is to communicate across the network, a routingfilter can route packets across the Internet via a pre-specified networkpath based on information relating to that specific network device. Foreven further control, the routing filter can route packets across theInternet via a pre-specified network path based on information relatingto both the user and network device. Details of illustrative embodimentsare discussed below.

Networks

Illustrative embodiments preferably are implemented on a conventionalcomputer network. Among other things, a network includes at least twonodes and at least one link between the nodes. Nodes can includecomputing devices (sometimes referred to as hosts) and routers.Computers include personal computers, smart phones, automatic tellermachines (ATMs) and many other types of equipment that includeprocessors and network interfaces. Links include wired and wirelessconnections between pairs of nodes. In addition, nodes and/or links maybe implemented completely in software, such as in a virtual machine, asoftware defined network, and using network function virtualization.Many networks include switches, which are largely transparent forpurposes of this discussion. However, some switches also perform routingfunctions. For the present discussion, such routing switches areconsidered routers. Routers are described below.

A node can be directly connected to one or more other nodes, each via adistinct link. For example, FIG. 1 schematically shows a Node A directlyconnected to Node B via Link 1. In a given network (e.g., within a localarea network), each node has a unique network address to facilitatesending and receiving data. A network includes all the nodes addressablewithin the network according to the network's addressing scheme and allthe links that interconnect the nodes for communication according to thenetwork's addressing scheme. For example, in FIG. 1 , Node A, Node B,Node C, . . . Node F and all the links 1-8 together make up a network100. For simplicity, a network is depicted as a cloud or as beingenclosed within a cloud.

Nodes initiate communications with other nodes via the network, andnodes receive communications initiated by other nodes via the network.For example, a node may transmit/forward/send data (a message) to adirectly connected (adjacent) node by sending the message via the linkthat interconnects the adjacent nodes. The message includes the networkaddress of the sending node (the “source address”) and the networkaddress of the intended receiving node (the “destination address”). Asending node can send a message to a non-adjacent node via one or moreother nodes. For example, Node D may send a message to Node F via NodeB. Using well known networking protocols, the node(s) between the sourceand the destination forward the message until the message reaches itsdestination. Accordingly, to operate properly, network protocols enablenodes to learn or discover network addresses of non-adjacent nodes intheir network.

Nodes communicate via networks according to protocols, such as thewell-known Internet Protocol (IP) and above noted Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP). The protocols are typically implemented by layeredsoftware and/or hardware components according to the well-knownseven-layer Open System Interconnect (OSI) model. As an example, IPoperates at OSI Layer 3 (Network Layer), while the TCP operates largelyat OSI Layer 4 (Transport Layer). Each layer performs a logical functionand abstracts the layer below it, therefore hiding details of the lowerlayer.

For example, Layer 3 may fragment a large message into smaller packetsif Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) cannot handle the message as onetransmission. FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a large message 200divided into several pieces 202, 204, 206, 208, 210 and 212. Each piece202-212 may then be sent in a separate packet, exemplified by packet214. Each packet includes a payload (body) portion, exemplified bypayload 216, and a header portion, exemplified at 218. The headerportion 218 contains information, such as the packet's source address,destination address and packet sequence number, necessary or desirablefor: 1) routing the packet to its destination, 2) reassembling thepackets of a message, and 3) other functions provided according to theprotocol. In some cases, a trailer portion is also appended to thepayload, such as to carry a checksum of the payload or of the entirepacket. All packets of a message need not be sent along the same path,i.e., through the same nodes, on their way to their common destination.It should be noted that although IP packets are officially called IPdatagrams, they are commonly referred to simply as packets.

Some other protocols also fragment data into packets. For example, thewell-known TCP protocol fragments data into segments, officiallyreferred to as TCP protocol data units (PDUs). Nevertheless, in commonusage, the term packet is used to refer to PDUs and datagrams, as wellas Ethernet frames.

Most protocols encapsulate packets of higher layer protocols. Forexample, IP encapsulates a TCP packet by adding an IP header to the TCPpacket to produce an IP packet. Thus, packets sent at a lower layer canbe thought of as being made up of packets within packets.Conventionally, a component operating according to a protocol examinesor modifies only information within a header and/or trailer that wascreated by another component, typically within another node, operatingaccording to the same protocol. That is, conventionally, componentsoperating according to a protocol do not examine or modify portions ofpackets created by other protocols.

In another example of abstraction provided by layered protocols, somelayers translate addresses. Some layers include layer-specificaddressing schemes. For example, each end of a link is connected to anode via a real (e.g., electronic) or virtual interface, such as anEthernet interface. At Layer 2 (Data Link Layer), each interface has anaddress, such as a media access control (MAC) address. On the otherhand, at Layer 3 using IP, each interface, or at least each node, has anIP address. Layer 3 is used to find gateways to get an IP packet fromthe source to the destination.

A router typically acts as a node that interconnects two or moredistinct networks or two or more sub-networks (subnets) of a singlenetwork, thereby creating a “network of networks” (i.e., an internet).Thus, a router has at least two interfaces; i.e., one where eachinterface connects the router to a different network, as exemplified inFIG. 3 . When a router receives a packet via one interface from onenetwork, it uses information stored in its routing table to direct thepacket to another network via another interface. The routing table thuscontains network/next hop associations. These associations tell therouter that a particular destination can optimally be reached by sendingthe packet to a specific router that represents a next hop on the way tothe final destination. For example, if Router 1 300 receives a packet,via its Interface 1 304, from Network 1 302, and the packet is destinedto a node in Network 3 306, the Router 1 300 consults its router tableand then forwards the packet via its Interface 2 308 to Network 2 310.Network 2 310 will then forward the packet to Network 3 306. The nexthop association can also be indicated in the routing table as anoutgoing (exit) interface to the final destination.

Large organizations, such as large corporations, commercial data centersand telecommunications providers, often employ sets of routers inhierarchies to carry internal traffic. For example, one or more gatewayrouters may interconnect each organization's network to one or moreInternet service providers (ISPs). ISPs also employ routers inhierarchies to carry traffic between their customers' gateways, tointerconnect with other ISPs, and to interconnect with core routers inthe Internet backbone.

A router is considered a Layer 3 device because its primary forwardingdecision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IPpacket—specifically the destination IP address. A conventional routerdoes not look into the actual data contents (i.e., the encapsulatedpayload) that the packet carries. Instead, the router only looks at theLayer 3 addresses to make a forwarding decision, plus optionally otherinformation in the header for hints, such as quality of service (QoS)requirements. Once a packet is forwarded, a conventional router does notretain any historical information about the packet, although theforwarding action may be collected to generate statistical data if therouter is so configured. Illustrative embodiments discussed below relateto an improved apparatus and method for optimizing statistical datageneration and collection.

As noted, when a router receives a packet via one interface from onenetwork, the router uses its routing table to direct the packet toanother network. Table 1 lists information typically found in a basic IProuting table.

TABLE 1 Destination Partial IP address (Expressed as a bit-mask) orComplete IP address of a packet’s final destination Next hop IP addressto which the packet should be forwarded on its way to the finaldestination Interface Outgoing network interface to use to forward thepacket Cost/Metric Cost of this path, relative to costs of otherpossible paths Routes Information about subnets, including how to reachsubnets that are not directly attached to the router, via one or morehops; default routes to use for certain types of traffic or wheninformation is lacking

Routing tables may be filled in manually, such as by a systemadministrator, or dynamically by the router. The router uses routingprotocols to exchange information with other routers and, thereby,dynamically learns about surrounding network or internet topology. Forexample, routers announce their presence in the network(s), morespecifically, the range of IP addresses to which the routers can forwardpackets. Neighboring routers update their routing tables with thisinformation and broadcast their ability to forward packets to thenetwork(s) of the first router. This information eventually spreads tomore distant routers in a network. Dynamic routing allows a router torespond to changes in a network or internet, such as increased networkcongestion, new routers joining an internet and router or link failures.

A routing table therefore provides a set of rules for routing packets totheir respective destinations. When a packet arrives, a router examinesthe packet's contents, such as its destination address, and finds thebest matching rule in the routing table. The rule essentially tells therouter which interface to use to forward the packet and the IP addressof a node to which the packet is forwarded on its way to its finaldestination IP address.

With hop-by-hop routing, each routing table lists, for all reachabledestinations, the address of the next node along a path to thatdestination, i.e., the next hop. Assuming that the routing tables areconsistent, a simple algorithm of each router relaying packets to theirdestinations' respective next hop suffices to deliver packets anywherein a network. Hop-by-hop is a fundamental characteristic of the IPInternetwork Layer and the OSI Network Layer.

Thus, each router's routing table typically merely contains informationsufficient to forward a packet to another router that is “closer” to thepacket's destination, without a guarantee of the packet ever beingdelivered to its destination. In a sense, a packet finds its way to itsdestination by visiting a series of routers and, at each router, usingthen-current rules to decide which router to visit next, with the hopethat at least most packets ultimately reach their destinations.

Note that the rules may change between two successive hops of a packetor between two successive packets of a message, such as if a routerbecomes congested or a link fails. Two packets of a message may,therefore, follow different paths and even arrive out of order. In otherwords, when a packet is sent by a source node, there is no predeterminedpath the packet will take between the source node and the packet'sdestination. Instead, the path typically is dynamically determined asthe packet traverses the various routers. This may be referred to as“natural routing,” i.e., a path is determined dynamically as the packettraverses the internet.

It should be noted that conventionally, packets sent by the destinationnode back to the source node may follow different paths than the packetsfrom the source node to the destination node.

In many situations, a client computer node establishes a session with aserver computer node, and the client and server exchange packets withinthe session. For example, a client computer executing a browser mayestablish a session with a web server. The client may send one or morepackets to request a web page, and the web server may respond with oneor more packets containing contents of the web page. In some types ofsessions, this back-and-forth exchange of packets may continue forseveral cycles. In some types of sessions, packets may be sentasynchronously between the two nodes.

A session has its conventional meaning; namely, it is a plurality ofpackets sent by one node to another node, where all the packets arerelated, according to a protocol. A session may be thought of asincluding a lead (or initial) packet that begins the session, and one ormore subsequent packets of the session. A session has a definitebeginning and a definite end. For example, a TCP session is initiated bya SYN packet. In some cases, the end may be defined by a prescribedpacket or series of packets. For example, a TCP session may be endedwith a FIN exchange or an RST. In other cases, the end may be defined bylack of communication between the nodes for at least a predeterminedamount of time (a timeout time). For example, a TCP session may be endedafter a defined timeout period. Some sessions include only packets sentfrom one node to the other node. Other sessions include responsepackets, as in the web client/server interaction example. A session mayinclude any number of cycles of back-and-forth communication, orasynchronous communication, according to the protocol, but all packetsof a session are exchanged between the same client/server pair of nodes.A session is also referred to herein as a series of packets.

A computer device having a single IP address may provide severalservices, such as web services, e-mail services and file transfer (FTP)services. The number of addresses a computer has is orthogonal to thenumber of services it may provide, although it has at least one. Eachservice is typically assigned a port number in the range 0-65,535 thatis unique on the computer. A service is, therefore, defined by acombination of the node's IP address and the service's port number. Notethat this combination is unique within the network the computer isconnected to, and it is often unique within an internet. Similarly, asingle node may execute many clients. Therefore, a client that makes arequest to a service is assigned a unique port number on the client'snode, so return packets from the service can be uniquely addressed tothe client that made the request.

The term socket means an IP address-port number combination. Thus, eachservice has a network-unique, and often internet-unique, service socket,and a client making a request of a service is assigned a network-unique,and sometimes internet-unique, client socket. In places, the termssource client and destination service are used when referring to aclient that sends packets to make requests of a service and the servicebeing requested, respectively.

Dynamic IP Routing

As noted above, in illustrative embodiments, a network device morecontrollably routes a stream or session of packets across a networkbetween a source and a destination. FIG. 4 schematically shows anexemplary network that may be used to implement various embodiments. Thenetwork of FIG. 4 is significantly simplified to more easily understanddetails of various embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, discussionof the network of FIG. 4 is merely for illustrative purposes only andthus, not intended to limit various embodiments of the invention to thisparticular network.

As shown, the network of FIG. 4 includes a source network 450 thatcommunicates with a destination network 452 across a plurality ofdifferent intermediate network devices R1-R5. To that end, the sourcenetwork 450 has a server (identified in the figure as “Server-S”) thatcommunicates with the intermediate network devices R1-R5 through a localsource router RS. In illustrative embodiments, the local source routerRS acts as an edge router for the source network 450. In a correspondingmanner, the destination network 452 also has a server (identified in thefigure as “Server-D”) that communicates with the source network 450using the intermediate network devices R1-R5 and a local destinationrouter RD.

The intermediate network devices R1-R5 may be any of a variety ofrouting and switching devices. For illustrative purposes, theintermediate network devices R1-R5 are discussed herein as routers. Itnevertheless should be noted that discussion of routers should not limitvarious embodiments of the invention. Moreover, the intermediate networkdevices R1-R5 may be connected/communicate in a variety of conventionalmanners. For example, they may communicate through the Internet, and/orbe part of some administrative domain or local network. In illustrativeembodiments, one or more of the routing devices R1-R5 implement statefulrouting (e.g., “augmented IP routers,” or “AIPRs,” discussed below).

The source network 450 and destination network 452 may transmit/forwardany of a wide variety of different types of data. For example, thesource network 450 may forward a request for information from a medicaldatabase, or a request for access to a video or audio service. Thus, inthe latter case, the destination network 452 may provide a videostreaming service (e.g., NETFLIX™ or YOUTUBE™ services) to an end userback at the source network 450. As a second example, in response to arequest for service from the source networks 450, the destinationnetwork 452 may provide an audio streaming service (e.g., PANDORAservice) to an end user at the source network 450. It therefore shouldbe noted that designation as “source” or “destination” networks 450 or452 does not imply that they act solely in those capacities. Instead,the source network 450 may act as both a source and destination forcertain traffic. In a similar manner, the destination network 452 mayact as both as source and destination for certain traffic. Designationas source and destination networks 450 and 452 thus is for convenienceas to the network that initiates a session and thus, is not intended tolimit their functionality as both a destination and/or a source.

Indeed, the source network 450, destination network 452, andintermediate network devices R1-R5 shown in FIG. 4 are significantlysimplified to more easily understand various embodiments. Accordingly,the source network 450 and destination network 452 each may have a widevariety of additional devices, such as additional routers, computers,network appliances, additional servers, etc.

As noted above, illustrative embodiments solve a significant networkproblem-selective access to, tracking, and control of network resources.For example, a hospital typically has strict policies relating to accessof confidential patient medical information. Accordingly, non-essentialpersonnel may not have access to such information. Prior art techniquesknown to the inventors solved that problem by using Application layersecurity programs. Undesirably, such a solution creates additionalproblems. Recognizing these problems, the inventors discovered thatrather than using Application layer techniques, they could effectivelyand in many ways more efficiently control access and security to variousnetwork resources using link-layer techniques (aka “Layer 3”techniques).

More specifically, illustrative embodiments use information relatingto 1) the user, 2) a specific device or device type, or 3) both the userand device/device type, to route communication between a source anddestination along one or more prespecified link-layer paths (e.g., fromrouter to router). To that end, a filter may receive information or datarelating to a device or user and select which link-layer route(s) asession or packet stream shall take. This process may be completedwithout the knowledge of the user in the session. As such, FIG. 5generically shows a filter 550 that receives information about a device(e.g., the Server-S of the source network 450) and/or user (e.g., adoctor in a hospital network), and determines the appropriate paths orlinks to use based on that data. The system thus causes the relevantdata traffic to take those routes. Accordingly, the filter 550dynamically determines the appropriate route(s) prior to transmittingthe session packets.

The filter 550 enables a wide variety of additional functionality. Forexample, a user signing on in an “unfriendly” country or specifiedregion may be routed differently than that same user would be routed ifthey had signed on in a “friendly” or other country. Importantly, thatdifferent routing should be transparent from the perspective of the userand/or their device. To protect against hacking, that sign-on in theunfriendly country can be routed to spoofed sites, such as a “honeypot.”

Those skilled in the art may implement the filter 550 in a wide varietyof manners. FIG. 6 schematically shows one such implementation. Each ofthe components of the implementation in FIG. 6 is operatively connectedto other components by any conventional interconnect mechanism. FIG. 6simply shows a bus 552 communicating each the components. Those skilledin the art should understand that this generalized representation can bemodified to include other conventional direct or indirect connections.Accordingly, discussion of a bus is not intended to limit variousembodiments.

Indeed, it should be noted that FIG. 6 only schematically shows each ofthese components. Those skilled in the art should understand that eachof these components can be implemented in a variety of conventionalmanners, such as by using hardware, software, or a combination ofhardware and software, across one or more other functional components.For example, the selector 554 (discussed below) may be implemented usinga plurality of microprocessors executing firmware. As another example, aselector 554 (discussed in more detail below) may be implemented usingone or more application specific integrated circuits (i.e., “ASICs”) andrelated software, or a combination of ASICs, discrete electroniccomponents (e.g., transistors), and microprocessors. Accordingly, therepresentation of the selector 554 and other components in a single boxof FIG. 6 is for simplicity purposes only. In fact, in some embodiments,the selector 554 of FIG. 6 is distributed across a plurality ofdifferent machines—not necessarily within the same housing, chassis, oreven geographic region.

It should be reiterated that the representation of FIG. 6 is asignificantly simplified representation of an actual system fordynamically selecting routes based on device and/or user data. Thoseskilled in the art should understand that such a device has many otherphysical and functional components, such as central processing units,other packet processing modules, and short-term memory. Accordingly,this discussion is in no way intended to suggest that FIG. 6 representsall of the elements of the system shown.

As shown, the system of FIG. 6 has an input/output 556 for receiving anddelivering packets from/to the network (e.g., the Internet or otherLayer 3 network), a router 558 for routing packets across the network,and a policy database 560 containing routing information. As noted, thatrouting information relates specific routes across the network withusers and/or devices. Specifically, the routing information may have aprescribed first set of routes for a User 1, a prescribed second set ofroutes for a User 2, etc. As another example, the routing informationmay have a prescribed first set of routes for a Device 1, a prescribedsecond set of routes for a Device 2, etc. Whether beingprescribed/selected as a function of the device, user, or both, thoseroutes may also relate to other information, such as the destinationrequested by the user.

The system also has the above referenced selector 554 configured toselect routing information from the policy database 560, an assignor 562configured to assign the selected routing information (e.g., specificroutes) to a particular session, user, and/or device, and a modifier 564configured to modify one or more packets of each session to implementthe specified routes. For example, as discussed below, the modifier 564may modify the first packet in a session without modifying the remainingpackets. The system of FIG. 6 also may have an authenticator 566configured to authenticate a device and/or user.

The filter 550 of FIG. 5 may have some or all of the noted components.For example, the filter 550 may have the policy database 560,input/output 556, selector 554, assignor 562, and modifier 564. Theother components may be outside of the filter 550 and otherwise part ofthe system or network in which the filter 550 operates. Otherembodiments may include the authenticator 566 and router 558 in thefilter 550, or otherwise omit other elements. Those skilled in the artmay select the appropriate components to achieve the core functionalityof the filter 550, as well as any additional functionality.

FIG. 7A shows more details of controlling or assigning routes to anetwork device in accordance with illustrative embodiments of theinvention. It should be noted that this process is substantiallysimplified from a longer process that normally would be used to assigndevice routes. Accordingly, the process typically has many steps thatthose skilled in the art likely would use. In addition, some of thesteps may be performed in a different order than that shown, or at thesame time. Those skilled in the art therefore can modify the process asappropriate. Moreover, as noted above and below, many of the devices andstructures noted are but one of a wide variety of different devices andstructures that may be used. Those skilled in the art can select theappropriate devices and structures depending upon the application andother constraints. Accordingly, discussion of specific devices andstructures is not intended to limit all embodiments.

The process of FIG. 7A begins at step 700, in which the authenticator566 receives a machine authentication request via the input/output 556.Specifically, the machine requests access to the network, and thenetwork uses its intelligence to determine if the machine can obtainaccess. For example, when a Windows desktop machine attempts to join anetwork (an “active directory”), a computer account is created in theactive directory and a unique password is negotiated between the desktopmachine and the active directory. Protocols currently in use includeKerberos, Extensive Authentication Protocol, Server Message Block, andNetbios. While these protocols are enabled, other protocols anddestinations can be blocked until the machine successfullyauthenticates.

During authentication, Kerberos, for example, may be used for the actualauthentication, with a Kerberos ticket being issued for the machine.After this ticket is issued, machine specific policies may be applied tothe machine as part of the “Active Directory Join” action.

Thus, the process determines at step 702 if the device/machine isauthenticated to access the network at all. This is a “go” (i.e., themachine may proceed to the next step) or “no-go” (the machine cannotaccess the network) decision. If the device cannot be authenticated,then the process skips the remaining steps and ends. Conversely, if thedevice is authenticated, then the process continues to step 704, whichretrieves machine information. Among other things, that machineinformation may include:

-   -   Type of machine (e.g., a computer, scanner, Internet appliance,        router, etc.),    -   Machine manufacturer information (e.g., name, location of        company),    -   Serial number of machine,    -   Geographic location of the machine,    -   Software versions and patch levels,    -   Certificates,    -   Owner of the machine

At some time after receiving the authentication request, informationrelating to the machine is made available to the filter 550 and itsrelevant components. That information may be determined in any of avariety of manners, such as from the authentication request itself, ormachine information the filter receives in some other way after step 700receives the authentication request. For example, the selector 554 maysimply receive information relating to the machine and that receivedinformation may have been provided by some other device/component.Alternatively, the selector 554 may receive information about theauthentication request and access the machine information itself fromsome other component, database, or other source. Those skilled in theart may select an appropriate manner for receiving the machineinformation.

As such, at step 706, the selector 554 may access the policy database560 using the information relating to the machine to determine the“tenancy” of the machine. For example, the selector 554 may access thepolicy database 560 using some or all of the machine information notedabove (or other, different machine information). This policy database560 provides the routing information required from a plurality ofroutes, which themselves may be stored with a plurality of other routingpolicies. Illustrative embodiments refer to “group routing policies”,which are policies defining how groups of machines/devices and/or groupsof users are grouped for specific routing (based on their specificattributes, discussed above and below). As an example, an unsecured PCmay be assigned to a group routing policy for low security devices, andthat group routing policy may take a prescribed set of routes. Indeed,such unsecured PC likely will not be assigned to a group routing policyfor secure PCs. These group routing policies preferably are stored inthe policy database 560 (or other database) and contain a plurality ofdifferent group routing policies.

While discussed generally as having routes, the routing policies alsomay have other routing parameters for the given device. For example, therouting policies may also include bandwidth allocation, bandwidthpriority, and quality of service definitions, among other things.Accordingly, in some embodiments, a selected route or set of routes maybe used with certain parameters (e.g., bandwidth allocation). In someembodiments, this may be the case for the methods of FIG. 7A and/or FIG.7B (routing policy based on the user, discussed below).

Those skilled in the art may configure the database in a wide variety ofmanners, such as by using a look up table and/or a series of Booleanexpressions to assign routes. For example, the database may include thefollowing Boolean Table:

Boolean Table Boolean Expression Available Route(s) Feature 1 ANDFeature 2 Route 1 AND Feature 3 Feature 1 OR Feature 2 Route 1, Route 2Feature 4 only All available Routes (Feature 1 AND Feature 2) Route 16OR Feature 3 AND of all Features Route 2, Route 4, Route 5 Feature 3 ANDFeature 6 No Routes

Accordingly, with knowledge of the machine information (i.e., Features),the selector 554 may process the various Boolean expressions in thedatabase to determine the appropriate tenancy of the machine. Inillustrative embodiments, the set of routes assigned to a machine (oruser, discussed below) may be referred to as a “tenancy;” i.e., thetenancy represents the set of zero or more routes available to a givenmachine (or user). For example, using the exemplary Boolean table above,the selector 554 may determine that the machine has Feature 1 only andthus, Routes 1 and 2 are the tenancy of the machine.

Next, the assignor 562 assigns the tenancy to the machine (step 708).Accordingly, that machine now can access the network, but is limited tothe specific routes in its tenancy. At this point, the machine can useno routes to access the network other than those assigned to itstenancy. Accordingly, while not being a “go” or “no-go” decision, thisstep can significantly limit or constrain the universe of availableroutes available to the machine. Alternative embodiments may permitadditional routes as an added layer of flexibility. Yet otherembodiments may then prevent certain of the routes in the machine'stenancy due to various factors, such as one of the routes beingdown/broken.

In some embodiments, this process is executed within a local areanetwork (e.g., by a device in the source network 450 of FIG. 4 ). Inother embodiments, this process may be executed on another node, such asan intermediate node (e.g., one or more of routers R1-R5). Moreover,authentication processes may be skipped in some embodiments, such aswhen the process is performed on an intermediate router. The process ofFIG. 7B, discussed below, also may execute its process in a similarmanner (e.g., omitting authentication and/or on a local node orintermediate node).

In addition or alternatively, illustrative embodiments may apply atenancy on a user basis, which is described in FIG. 7B. This process issimilar to the process in FIG. 7A and thus, those skilled in the art mayapply techniques and principles discussed with regard to FIG. 7A to theprocess of FIG. 7B. Also in a manner similar to FIG. 7A, it should benoted that this process is substantially simplified from a longerprocess that normally would be used to assign routes. Accordingly, theprocess typically has many steps that those skilled in the art likelywould use. In addition, some of the steps may be performed in adifferent order than that shown, or at the same time. Those skilled inthe art therefore can modify the process as appropriate. Moreover, asnoted above and below, many of the devices and structures noted are butone of a wide variety of different devices and structures that may beused. Those skilled in the art can select the appropriate devices andstructures depending upon the application and other constraints.Accordingly, discussion of specific devices and structures is notintended to limit all embodiments.

The process of FIG. 7B begins at step 710, which receives a userauthentication request for the user to access the network. This requestmay originate from a user interface, such as a graphical user interface.FIG. 8 schematically shows an exemplary graphical user interface 568that may be used for this purpose. Generic shapes are shown to denotevarious buttons, dropdown menus, and other known access points for agraphical user interface. Indeed, those skilled in the art may use otherinterfaces (e.g., other types of graphical user interfaces or voiceinterfaces) and thus, those skilled in the art can select the interfaceas deemed appropriate for the application.

As with the machine authentication noted above, the user requests accessto the network and the network uses its intelligence to determine if theuser can obtain access. For example, the authenticator 566 mayauthenticate a user either locally (e.g., home users) or by the activedirector (e.g., for business users). After successful authentication inthe Windows context, a session identifier that can be used to determineidentity in user space will become available. Note that it is possiblethat more than one user will be logged in at the same time. Theoperating system thus may keep track of which user is using the networkat any given time by setting the session identifier in the context.

Those skilled in the art may start this process using similar and/orother techniques to those discussed above with regard to FIG. 7A. Forexample, an authentication event (user sign-on, user sign-off, etc.) toa network may invoke a transaction to determine the user's tenancy.Other embodiments may trigger appropriate processes in other ways,including chaining onto existing authentication processes, and/ornoticing a lack of information upon use of the network.

Step 712 then determines if the user is authenticated-if the user canaccess the network at all. In a manner similar to the correspondingmachine authentication step 702, this is a “go” or “no-go” decision. Ifthe user cannot be authenticated, then the process skips the remainingsteps and ends. Conversely, if the user is authenticated, then theprocess continues to step 714, which retrieves (or receives) userinformation in a variety of manners, such as those discussed above withregard to FIG. 7A (or other ways). Among other things, that may includethe following user/client information:

-   -   name    -   organizational unit    -   group    -   certificates    -   employment status    -   role in the organization    -   hair color    -   accessibility level (e.g., top secret, secret, confidential,        etc.)

With this user information, at some time after receiving theauthentication request, information relating to the user is madeavailable to the filter 550 and its relevant components. Thatinformation may be determined in a manner similar to how the machineinformation was determined in FIG. 7A. For example, that information maybe determined from the authentication request itself, or secondaryinformation retrieved using the authentication request (e.g., if thefilter 550 did not receive the authentication request itself). Forexample, the selector 554 may simply receive information relating to theuser and that received information may have been provided by some otherdevice/component. Alternatively, the selector 554 may receiveinformation about the authentication request and access the userinformation itself from some other component, database, or other source.

As such, at step 716, the selector 554 may access the policy database560 using the information relating to the machine to determine the“tenancy” of the user. For example, the selector 554 may access thepolicy database 560 using some or all of the user information notedabove (or other, different machine information). As with the machinerouting method above, those skilled in the art may configure thedatabase in a wide variety of manners, such as by using a look up tableand/or a series of Boolean expressions to assign routes. Also in amanner similar to the machine routing method of FIG. 7A, the selector554 may access any of a variety of data structures (e.g., the aboveBoolean Table) within the policy database 560 to determine the tenancyof the user.

For example, using the exemplary Boolean table above, the selector 554may determine that the user has Feature 1 only and thus, Routes 1 and 2are the tenancy of the user. This tenancy therefore is used to routepackets for this user. In some embodiments, the selector 554 may use thesession identifier to lookup the tenant in the policy database 560. Inthis example, the tenant of the user may be represented by a text stringassigned to the specific authenticated user through any one of thefollowing techniques:

-   -   1.) It is explicitly defined by extending the administrative        domain data model    -   2.) It is assumed to be the administrative domain organizational        unit    -   3.) It is assume to be the administrative domain group policy        name

It should be noted that the tenant string preferably does not changewithin the context of a logged-in user. Accordingly, the tenant stringmay be stored for future use.

Next, in a manner similar to step 708, the assignor 562 assigns thetenancy to the user, effectively assigning a group user policy (step718). Accordingly, that user now can access the network, but is limitedto the specific routes in his/her tenancy. At this point, the user canuse no routes to access the network other than those assigned to itstenancy. Alternative embodiments may permit additional routes as anadded layer of flexibility. Yet other embodiments may then preventcertain of the routes in the user's tenancy due to various factors, suchas one of the routes being down/broken.

As noted above, the specific routes assigned to the user and/or machinemay be a function of one or both the user and machine. In either case,illustrative embodiments alter at least one packet of a session (e.g.,the lead packet) to act as a flag to network devices receiving thepacket stream/session that this particular stream is limited to certainroutes. Accordingly, some downstream network devices (e.g., statefulrouting devices discussed below) cooperate to ensure that a givensession remains on the specified routes.

As known by those in the art, the router 558 forwards the packets of asession via the specified link-layer route(s). In illustrativeembodiments, when transmitting packets to a default gateway (i.e., asopposed to directly on the LAN), the modifier 564 receives and insertstenant information into the lead packet. For example, when used with aTCP session, this lead packet will be the well-known SYN packet. Afterit is modified, the router 558 transmits the modified first packet, andthen simply permits the rest of the session to continue without furtherpacket modification. The inserted tenant information communicates to thefirst router encountered that the routes available are associated withthe tenant defined.

In illustrative embodiments, this signals two pieces of information tothe routed network:

-   -   1) The user has properly authenticated and has been joined to        the network, and    -   2) The routes that are available to this specific defined tenant        are known.

More specifically, in some embodiments, a kernel level driver installs acallback when an outbound socket is opened to capture/suspend the firstpacket before it is sent. This includes various types of sockets,including TCP and UDP sockets. The callback function effectivelysuspends the first packet from being delivered. To that end, in theKernel Driver, certain processes may:

1. Determine if the packet is going to the default gateway. If so, thedestination address may be considered to be “outside” the defaultnetmask. If the packet is not going to the default gateway, however,then the system may un-suspend the packet to let the flow continue.2. If STEP 1 above results in the destination IP Address being outsidethe default netmask, then the packet may be modified by insertingmetadata at the “end of the current payload.” SYN packets, for example,have no payload and thus, the metadata will be the entire payload. ForUDP packets, the metadata can be added at the end of the currentpayload.3. The filter 550 may update packet lengths in the correct places forTCP and UDP.4. The modified packet is transmitted, and the rest of the packetsassociated with the session are allowed to complete with no changes.

Note that alternative embodiments may format more than one packet, orone packet that is not necessarily the lead packet.

Those skilled in the art can format the tenant specific metadata in thefirst packet in any of a variety of manners. For example, the tenantinformation may be inserted into the end of the first packet with thefollowing format (below). For TCP packets, this may be the byte thatfollows the L4 header. For UDP packets, this may be the byte that is inlocation PACKET-LENGTH+1.

Below is an exemplary format of the metadata header, which may be thebase structure upon which session and packet attributes are built.

0             1             2             30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+|                                         |+                   Cookie                     +|                                         |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+|Version|    Header Length      |     Payload Length        |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The various fields in this example include:

-   -   Cookie (8 bytes): The fingerprint of metadata. This value along        with the context of participating in a fabric (inter-node,        inter-router, etc.) may be used to determine the existence of        metadata on a packet. A well-known “cookie” (e.g.,        0x4c48dbc6ddf6670c in network byte order or 0x0c67f6ddc6db484c        in host byte order) is built into the header, which is used in        concert with contextual awareness of the packet itself to        determine the presence of metadata within the packet.    -   Version (4 bits): This field represents the version of the        metadata header.    -   Header Length (12 bits): This field represents the length of the        metadata header, including added optional attributes that are        guaranteed to be unencrypted. This value is equal to the total        payload length—data that follows the header length value.    -   Payload Length (2 bytes): This field represents the length of        data following the metadata header, not including the size of        the header.

The above exemplary metadata header may be followed/appended by thetenant information in the form of an alphanumeric string—i.e.,indicating the tenancy to which the session and/or machine belongs. Thisstring, which preferably is unencrypted (although encryption may berequired in some implementations, such as in certain virtual privatenetworks) may be formatted as follows:

0             1             2             30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+|       Type = 7        |       Length = ?         |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+|                     Name                    |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The various fields in this example include:

-   -   Type (2 bytes): This field identifies the Tenant information    -   Length (2 bytes): This field identifies the number of bytes        associated with the length of the value (not including the four        bytes associated with the type and length fields).    -   Name (variable length bytes): This field represents the tenant        name as an array of Length characters.

As noted above, preferred embodiments implement the processes of FIGS.7A and 7B, as well as the processes of intercepting/modifying the leadpacket and redirecting the session flow, in a manner that is notperceptible to a typical user. For example, while using the graphicaluser interface 568 of FIG. 8 , the user will perceive no noticeablechanges to the interface, such as additional indicia suggesting thechange. Instead, in preferred embodiments, the indicia and interactionof the interface proceeds in the same manner as if these processes werenot occurring.

FIGS. 9A and 9B schematically show two simplified exemplary treestructures of users and machines—FIG. 9A shows a tree structure for auser tenancy in a hospital environment, while FIG. 9B shows a treestructure for a machine in a hospital environment.

For example, FIG. 9A denotes different hospital staff and the data filesto which they have access. In this case, a doctor has access to files ona server or databases relating to drugs and clinical data, while a nursehas access to clinical data and patient schedules. An administrator hasaccess to files of patient billing information, directories of doctors,and suppliers. Accordingly, routes may be assigned to a tenancy as afunction of the different users' access levels. A doctor, for example,may be routed along a link having logic that keeps track of his/heraccess to the sensitive opioid drug databases. All accesses to theopioid database thus may be more carefully monitored and tracked. Asanother example, a hacker may raise suspicion and login as a doctor(e.g., when the system knows the doctor is on vacation or from a remotegeography), and the link may lead the hacker to a honeypot to determineif it is, in fact, the doctor. FIG. 9B can have correspondingfunctionality the machine context.

Those skilled in the art may implement the policy database 560 and theirattendant tenancies in any of a variety of manners. For example, thetenancies can be flat, or take on the form of a hierarchy. FIG. 9Cschematically shows a generic hierarchical format that can be used foreither or both user and machine based routing. It should be noted thatthis is a significantly simplified representation of a hierarchy andused merely to easily show the concept. This tree has three levels:Genus, Species, and Sub-species levels.

The users or machines at a given sub-species have access to the sameroutes as those to which they are connected in their immediatelypreceding level. For example, users of Sub-species A1 and A2 both haveaccess to the same routes as those assigned to Species A. Those twosub-species, however, also may have additional sets of routes (orspecific route restrictions) that differ from each other. Sub-species A1and A2 further do not necessarily have the routes specified for SpeciesB or Species C (to the extent they are different than those available toSub-species A1 and A2 up the tree). As another example, all sub-speciesshare the same routes as Genus.

This routing scheme has a variety of benefits. Among others, thistechnique provides different routing tables and policies based on theuser and/or the machine. Prior art known to the inventors only permitsassociating one user on one policy with one source IP address.Accordingly, if a prior art machine is shared by two users, the routingpolicies undesirably also are shared. To the contrary, illustrativeembodiments favorably permit two or more entities (machines and/orusers) to use one IP address, and each entity will have behavior that isunique to the entity. For example, shared computers with one highpriority user and one medium priority user can both share one IP addressand yet, have the ability to route based on multiple different sets ofpolicies. Moreover, as Layer 3 processes, illustrative embodiments solveproblems of Application Layer processes.

Stateful Routing

As discussed above, in some embodiments, the stream of packets forwardedbetween the source network 450 and the destination network 452 are partof a session that follows the same path as the lead packet of thatsession, at least in the forward direction, i.e., from a source clientto a destination service. The subsequent packets traverse at least asubset of the routers the lead packet traverses between the sourceclient and the destination service. Among other benefits, this statefulrouting scheme more effectively enhances the benefits of collectingrouting statistics and/or invisibly directing suspicious users toprescribed devices to check their intentions, credentials, etc. Thoseskilled in the art may implement such a stateful routing scheme with theconfiguration functionality described above.

Each router in the subset is referred to herein as an intermediate nodeor waypoint, although the waypoints are not necessarily predeterminedbefore the lead packet is sent by the source client. The lead packet maybe naturally routed, or routed by a pre-specified path. It should benoted that although the discussion below describes use of naturalrouting, it should not limit various embodiments to such a scheme. Ifthe path is not pre-specified, then the path taken by the lead packetestablishes the waypoints. In either case, the subsequent packetstraverse the same waypoints, and in the same order, as the lead packet.

Of course, some packets may be dropped along the way, as is typical inan IP network or internet, such as by an overloaded router or due tocorruption of the packet by a link. Thus, all the packets sent by thesource client need not reach the session's destination service and,consequently, all the packets sent by the source client need nottraverse all the waypoints. However, subsequent packets that do reachthe destination service must traverse all the waypoints in its path. Forsimplicity of explanation, dropped packets are ignored in the remainingdiscussion, and the term “all the packets” means all the packets thatreach their respective destinations.

As a result of this forward flow control, metrics collected at one ofthe waypoints represent all the packets of the session. These metricsare not diluted by packets that bypass the waypoint, because no packetof the session can bypass any waypoint. Security functions, such asinspection for malicious packets, performed at one waypoint are sure tobe performed on all packets of the session. Importantly, this enablesstatistics to be calculated for specific sessions.

Some embodiments also ensure that return packets from the destinationservice to the source client also follow the same path, i.e., traversethe waypoints, but in reverse order. This reverse flow control enablesuse of paths, such as via proprietary networks, that might not otherwisebe available by naturally routing the return packets.

A packet flow controller (also referred to herein as an augmented IProuter (“AIPR”)) ensures that subsequent packets of a session follow thesame path as the lead packet of the session, as discussed above. Infact, one or both of the routers RS and RD, and/or routers R1-R5 of FIG.4 may be implemented as AIPRs/waypoints. An AIPR also performsconventional routing functions, and also those described above withregard to statistics collection. FIG. 10 shows a schematic diagramillustrating a hypothetical set of interconnected networks 400, 402, 404and 406, i.e., an internet. Each network 400, 402, 204, 406 includes anumber of routers and AIPRs, not all of which are necessarily shown.Network 400 includes AIPR1 408 and router 410. Network 400 may be, forexample, a network of a telecommunications carrier or a regional/globalhospital system (e.g., Partners Healthcare of Boston, Mass.). Network402 includes a router 412 and AIPR 2 414. Network 402 may be, forexample, a network of a first ISP. Network 404 includes a router 416 andAIPR 3 418. Network 404 may be, for example, the Internet backbone or aportion thereof. Network 406 includes a router 420, AIPR 4 422 andanother router 424. Network 406 may be, for example, a network of asecond ISP.

Assume a source client node 426 initiates a session with a destinationservice node 428. For example, the source client 426 may request accessto a database or content from a web page, and the destination servicenode 428 may include a web server. The source client 426 may, forexample, be part of a first local area network (LAN) (not shown) withina first corporation, and the LAN may be connected to thetelecommunications carrier network 400 via a gateway router 430 operatedby the corporation. Similarly, the destination service node 428 may beoperated by a second corporation, and it may be part of a second LAN(not shown) coupled to the network 406 of the second ISP via a gatewayrouter 432 operated by the second corporation. As a lead packet of thesession traverses the internet, each AIPR (waypoint) the packettraverses records information that eventually enables the waypoint to beable to identify its immediately previous waypoint and its immediatelynext waypoint, with respect to the session.

The lead packet of the session is naturally routed. Assume the leadpacket reaches AIPR 1 408 before it reaches network 402, 404 or 406.AIPR 1 408 automatically identifies the lead packet as being an initialpacket of the session. AIPR 1 408 may use various techniques to identifythe beginning of a session, as noted above and as discussed in moredetail below. AIPR 1 408 becomes the first waypoint along a path thelead packet eventually follows.

AIPR 1 408 assigns a unique identifier to the session and storesinformation about the session in the AIPR's database to enable the AIPR1 408 to identify subsequent packets of the session. In someembodiments, AIPR 1 408 reads the client socket/service socket numberpair in the lead packet and stores the client socket/service socketnumber pair in a database to uniquely identify the session. This enablesthe AIPR 1 408 to identify the subsequent packets as being part of thesession, because all subsequent packets of the session will contain thesame client socket/service socket number pair.

In some embodiments, AIPR 1 408 sets a flag in its database to indicatethe lead packet has not traversed any other AIPR before reaching AIPR 1408. This flag may be used later, for example when the AIPR 1 408handles return packets. AIPR 1 408 may be able to identify the leadpacket as not having traversed any other AIPR by lack of anymodification to the packet. Packet modification is described below.

AIPR 1 408 modifies the lead packet to indicate the lead packet has beenhandled by an AIPR. In some embodiments, the AIPR 1 408 stores theunique identifier of the session and, if not included in the uniqueidentifier, the AIPR's network address in the packet to produce amodified lead packet. Subsequent AIPRs, if any, that handle the (nowmodified) lead packet use this modification to identify the lead packetas a lead packet that has been handled by an AIPR, and to indicate thatsubsequent packets of the session should be routed the same way as thelead packet is routed.

In some embodiments, AIPR 1 408 assigns a port number on the interfaceover which AIPR 1 408 will forward the lead packet. The AIPR's networkaddress and this port number, in combination, may be used as a uniqueidentifier of the session, at least from the point of view of the nextAIPR along the path. AIPR 1 408 may include the AIPR's networkaddress-port number combination in the modified lead packet. Thus, thenext AIPR along the path may assume that subsequent packets sent fromthis network address-port number combination are part of, or likely tobe part of, the session.

AIPR 1 408 then forwards the lead packet naturally. The lead packettraverses an unspecified number of nodes of network 400 until it reachesrouter 410, which naturally routes the lead packet to network 402.Assume the router 410 forwards the lead packet to AIPR 2 414 in network402.

AIPR 2 414 detects the modification to the lead packet, identifying aneed for special treatment. AIPR 2 414 becomes the second waypoint alongthe path the lead packet will follow. AIPR 2 414 stores in its databasethe network address of AIPR 1 408 and the port number assigned by AIPR 1408, in association with a unique identifier of the session, such as theclient and server socket number pair, thus identifying the previouswaypoint along the path in association with the session. In this way,each waypoint learns the network address and port number of the previouswaypoint along this session's path and uses a related association device(an “associator”) to associate this information with a sessionidentifier. This information may be used later to forward returnpackets, from waypoint to waypoint, back to the source client 426.

In some embodiments, AIPR 2 414 assigns a port number on the interfaceover which the lead packet was received. The AIPR's network address andthis port number, in combination, may be used as a unique identifier ofthe session, at least from the point of view of AIPR 1 408. Thus,subsequent packets addressed to this network address-port numbercombination may be assumed to be, or at least are likely to be, part ofthe session.

In some embodiments, AIPR 2 414 sends a packet back to AIPR 1 408 toinform AIPR 1 408 of the network address-port number combination, inassociation with the identification of the session. In some embodiments,the network address-port number combination are sent to AIPR 1 408later, in connection with a return packet, as described below. In eithercase, AIPR 1 408 learns a network address-port number combination uniqueto the session, and AIPR 1 408 sends subsequent packets to thataddress-port combination, rather than naturally forwarding thesubsequent packets. In this way, each waypoint learns the networkaddress and port number of the next waypoint along this session's path.This information is used to forward subsequent packets, from waypoint towaypoint, forward to the destination service 428, along the same path asthe lead packet.

AIPR 2 214 modifies the lead packet to include the network address ofAIPR 2 214, and then forwards the lead packet naturally. As with AIPR 1408, in some embodiments AIPR 2 214 assigns a port number on theinterface over which AIPR 2 214 forwards the packet, and the networkaddress of AIPR 2 214 and the port number are included in the modifiedlead packet AIPR 2 214 sends.

The lead packet traverses an unspecified number of nodes of network 402,until it reaches router 412, which naturally routes the lead packet tonetwork 404. Assume the router 416 forwards the lead packet to AIPR 3418.

AIPR 3 418 becomes the third waypoint along the path the lead packetwill follow. AIPR 3 418 operates much as AIPR 2 414. The lead packet isthen forwarded to network 406, where it traverses AIPR 4 422, whichbecomes the fourth waypoint.

Three scenarios are possible with respect to the last AIPR 422 (AIPR 4)along the path to the destination service 428.

In the first scenario, one or more AIPRs relatively close to adestination service are provisioned to handle lead packets for thedestination service. The AIPRs may be so provisioned by storinginformation in their databases to identify the destination service, suchas by the service socket number or other unique identifier of theservice. These “terminus” AIPRs broadcast their ability to forwardpackets to the destination service. A terminus AIPR is an AIPR that canforward packets to a destination service, without the packets traversinganother AIPR. A terminus AIPR recognizes a lead packet destined to aservice that terminates at the AIPR by comparing the destination servicesocket number to the information provisioned in the AIPR's database.

If AIPR 4 422 has been so provisioned, AIPR 4 422 may restore the leadpacket to its original form, i.e., the form the lead packet had when thesource client 426 sent the lead packet, or as the packet might have beenmodified by the router 430, such as a result of network addresstranslation (NAT) performed by the router 430. Thus, the lead packet maybe restored to a form that does not include any of the modificationsmade by the waypoints 408, 414 and 418. AIPR 4 422 then forwards thelead packet to the destination service 428. Like AIPR 3 418, AIPR 4 422stores information in its database identifying AIPR 3 418 as theprevious AIPR for this session.

In the second scenario, AIPR 4 422 is not provisioned with informationabout the destination service 428. In such embodiments, AIPR 4 422 mayoperate much as AIPR 2 414 and AIPR 3 418 operate. AIPR 4 422 modifiesand naturally forwards the lead packet, and the lead packet iseventually delivered to the destination service 428. The destinationservice 428 responds to the lead packet. For example, if the lead packetis a SYN packet to initiate a TCP session, the destination service 428responds with an ACK or SYN/ACK packet. AIPR 4 422 recognizes the returnpacket as being part of the session, such as based on the sourceclient/destination service network address/port number pairs in thereturn packet. Furthermore, because the return packet was sent by thedestination service 428, and not another AIPR, AIPR 4 422 recognizesthat it is the last AIPR along the path for this service.

AIPR 4 422 stores information in its database indicating AIPR 4 422 is aterminus AIPR. If AIPR 4 422 receives subsequent packets of the session,AIPR 4 422 may restore the subsequent packets to their original forms,i.e., the forms the subsequent packets had when the source client 426sent the subsequent packets, or as the packets might have been modifiedby the router 430, such as a result of network address translation (NAT)performed by the router 430. AIPR 4 422 forwards the subsequent packetsto the destination service 428.

AIPR 4 422 modifies the return packet to include a port number on theinterface AIPR 4 422 received the lead packet from AIPR 3 418, as wellas the network address of AIPR 4 422. AIPR 4 422, then forwards thereturn packet to AIPR 3 418. Although the return packet may be forwardedby other routers, AIPR 4 422 specifically addresses the return packet toAIPR 3 418. This begins the return packet's journey back along the paththe lead packet traveled, through all the waypoints traversed by thelead packet, in reverse order. Thus, the return packet is not naturallyrouted back to the source client 426.

AIPR 3 418 receives the modified return packet and, because the returnpacket was addressed to the port number AIPR 3 418 previously assignedand associated with this session, AIPR 3 418 can assume the returnpacket is part of, or likely part of, the session. AIPR 3 418 copies thenetwork address and port number of AIPR 4 422 from the return packetinto the AIPR's database as the next waypoint for this session. If AIPR3 418 receives subsequent packets of the session, AIPR 3 418 forwardsthem to the network address and port number of the next waypoint, i.e.,AIPR 4 422.

Thus, once an AIPR is notified of a network address and port number of anext AIPR along a session path, the AIPR forwards subsequent packets tothe next AIPR, rather than naturally routing the subsequent packets.

AIPR 3 418 forwards the return packet to AIPR 2 414, whose networkaddress and port number were stored in the database of AIPR 3 418 andidentified as the previous waypoint of the session. Likewise, each ofthe waypoints along the path back to the source client 426 forwards thereturn packet to its respective previous waypoint.

When the first waypoint, i.e., AIPR 1 408, receives the return packet,the waypoint may restore the return packet to its original form, i.e.,the form the return packet had when the destination service 428 sent thereturn packet, or as the packet might have been modified by the router430, such as a result of network address translation (NAT) performed bythe router 430. Recall that the first waypoint set a flag in itsdatabase to indicate the lead packet had not traversed any otherwaypoint before reaching the first waypoint. This flag is used to signalthe first waypoint to restore the return packet and forward the restoredreturn packet to the source client 426. The first waypoint forwards thereturn packet to the source client 426. Subsequent return packets aresimilarly handled.

In the third scenario, not shown in FIG. 10 , the last AIPR to receivethe lead packet has a network address equal to the network address ofthe destination service. For example, the destination service networkaddress may be given to a gateway router/AIPR, and the gatewayrouter/AIPR may either process the service request or its router tablemay cause the packet to be forwarded to another node to perform theservice. The last AIPR may restore the lead packet and subsequentpackets, as described above.

It should be noted that although preferred embodiments use statefulrouting as noted above, other embodiments do not use stateful routing.

Lead Packet Identification

As noted, a waypoint should be able to identify a lead packet of asession. Various techniques may be used to identify lead packets. Someof these techniques are protocol-specific. For example, a TCP session isinitiated according to a well-known three-part handshake involving a SYNpacket, a SYN-ACK packet and an ACK packet. By statefully followingpacket exchanges between pairs of nodes, a waypoint can identify abeginning of a session and, in many cases, an end of the session. Forexample, A TCP session may be ended by including a FIN flag in a packetand having the other node send an ACK, or by simply including an RSTflag in a packet. Because each waypoint stores information about eachsession, such as the source client/destination service networkaddress/port number pairs, the waypoint can identify the session withwhich each received packet is associated. The waypoint can follow theprotocol state of each session by monitoring the messages and flags,such as SYN and FIN, sent by the endpoints of the session and storingstate information about each session in its database. Such statefulmonitoring of packet traffic is not taught by the prior art known to theinventor. Instead, the prior art teaches away from this type of session.

It should be noted that a SYN packet may be re-transmitted—each SYNpacket does not necessarily initiate a separate session. However, thewaypoint can differentiate between SYN packets that initiate a sessionand re-transmitted SYN packets based on, for example, the responsepackets.

Where a protocol does not define a packet sequence to end a session, thewaypoint may use a timer. After a predetermined amount of time, duringwhich no packet is handled for a session, the waypoint may assume thesession is ended. Such a timeout period may also be applied to sessionsusing protocols that define end sequences.

Table 2 describes exemplary techniques for identifying the beginning andend of a session, according to various protocols. Similar techniques maybe developed for other protocols, based on the definitions of theprotocols.

TABLE 2 Destination Protocol Port Technique for Start/End DeterminationTCP Any Detect start on the first SYN packet from a new address/portunique within the TCP protocol’s guard time between address/port reuse.Following the TCP state machine to determine an end (FIN exchange, RST,or guard timeout). UDP-TFTP 69 Trap on the first RRQ or WRQ message todefine a new session, trap on an undersized DAT packet for an end ofsession. UDP-SNMP 161, 162 Trap on the message type, includingGetRequest, SetRequest, GetNextRequest, GetBulkRequest, InformRequestfor a start of session, and monitor the Response for end of session. ForSNMP traps, port 162 is used, and the flow of data generally travels inthe “reverse” direction. UDP- 514 A single message protocol, thus eachmessage is a start of session, and SYSLOG end of session. UDP-RTP AnyRTP has a unique header structure, which can be reviewed/analyzed toidentify a start of a session. This is not always accurate, but if usedin combination with a guard timer on the exact same five-tuple address,it should work well enough. The end of session is detected through aguard timer on the five-tuple session, or a major change in the RTPheader. UDP-RTCP Any RTCP also has a unique header, which can bereviewed, analyzed, and harvested for analytics. Each RTCP packet issent periodically and can be considered a “start of session” with thecorresponding RTCP response ending the session. This provides a veryhigh quality way of getting analytics for RTCP at a network middlepoint, without using a Session Border Controller UDP-DNS 53 Each DNSquery is a single UDP message and response. By establishing (Nameserver)a forward session (and subsequent backward session) the Augmented routergets the entire transaction. This allows analytics to be gathered andmanipulations that are appropriate at the Augmented router. UDP-NTP 123Each DNS query/response is a full session. So, each query is a start,and each response is an end.

FIG. 11 is a schematic layout of an Ethernet header 500, including aDestination MAC Address 502 and an 802.1q VLAN Tag 504. FIG. 12 is aschematic layout of an IP header 600, including a Protocol field 602, aSource IP Address 604 and a Destination IP Address 606. FIG. 13 is aschematic layout of a TCP header 700, including a Source Port 702, aDestination Port 704, a Sequence Number 706, a SYN flag 708 and a FINflag 710. These packets and the identified fields may be used toidentify the beginning of a session, as summarized in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Data Item Where From Description Physical Ethernet Header Thisis the actual port that the Interface message was received on, which canbe associated or discerned by the Destination MAC Address TenantEthernet Header Logical association with a OR Source MAD group ofcomputers. Address & Previous Advertisement Protocol IP Header Thisdefines the protocol in use and, for the TCP case, it must be set to avalue that corresponds to TCP Source IP IP Header Defines the source IPAddress Address of the initial packet of a flow. Destination IP IPHeader Defines the destination IP Address Address of the initial packetof a flow. Source Port TCP Header Defines the flow instance from thesource. This may reflect a client, a firewall in front of the client, ora carrier grade NAT. Destination TCP Header This defines the desiredservice Port requested, such as 80 for HTTP. Sequence TCP Header This isa random number Number assigned by the client. It may be updated by afirewall or carrier grade NAT. SYN Bit On TCP Header When the SYN bit ison, and no others, this is an initial packet of a session. It may beretransmitted if there is no response to the first SYN message.

Augmented IP Router (AIPR)

FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of an AIPR (waypoint) 800configured in accordance with illustrative embodiments of the invention.The AIPR 800 includes at least two network interfaces 802 and 804,through which the AIPR 800 may be coupled to two networks. Theinterfaces 802 and 804 may be, for example, Ethernet interfaces. TheAIPR 800 may send and receive packets via the interfaces 802 and 804.

A lead packet identifier 806 automatically identifies lead packets, asdiscussed herein. In general, the lead packet identifier 806 identifiesa lead packet when the lead packet identifier 806 receives a packetrelated to a session that is not already represented in the AIPR'sinformation base 810, such as a packet that identifies a new sourceclient/destination service network address/port number pair. As noted,each lead packet is an initial, non-dropped, packet of a series ofpackets (session). Each session includes a lead packet and at least onesubsequent packet. The lead packet and all the subsequent packets aresent by the same source client toward the same destination service, forforward flow control. For forward and backward flow control, all thepackets of the session are sent by either the source client or thedestination service toward the other.

A session (packet series) manager 808 is coupled to the lead packetidentifier 806. For each session, the session manager assigns a uniqueidentifier. The unique identifier may be, for example, a combination ofthe network address of the AIPR 800 or of the interface 802, incombination with a first port number assigned by the session manager 808for receiving subsequent packets of this session. The unique identifiermay further include the network address of the AIPR 800 or of the otherinterface 804, in combination with a second port number assigned by thesession manager 808 for transmitting the lead packet and subsequentpackets. This unique identifier is associated with the session. Thesession manager 808 stores information about the session in aninformation base 810. This information may include the uniqueidentifier, in association with the original source client/destinationservice network address/port number pairs.

FIG. 15 is a schematic layout of an exemplary waypoint information base900. Each row represents a session. A session identification column 902includes sub-columns for the source client 904 and the destinationservice 906. For each client 904, its network address 908 and portnumber 910 are stored. For each destination service 906, its networkaddress 912 and port number 914 are stored. This information isextracted from the lead packet.

State information about the session may be stored in a state column 915.This information may be used to statefully follow a series of packets,such as when a session is being initiated or ended.

A backward column includes sub-columns for storing information 916 abouta portion of the backward path, specifically to the previous AIPR. Thebackward path information 916 includes information 918 about theprevious AIPR and information 920 about the present AIPR 800. Theinformation 918 about the previous AIPR includes the AIPR's networkaddress 922 and port number 924. The session manager 808 extracts thisinformation from the lead packet, assuming the lead packet was forwardedby an AIPR. If, however, the present AIPR 800 is the first AIPR toprocess the lead packet, the information 918 is left blank as a flag.The information 920 about the present AIPR 800 includes the networkaddress 926 of the interface 802 over which the lead packet wasreceived, as well as the first port number 928 assigned by sessionmanager 808.

The waypoint information base 900 is also configured to storeinformation 930 about a portion of the forward path, specifically to thenext AIPR. This information 930 includes information 932 about thepresent AIPR 800 and information 934 about the next AIPR along the path,assuming there is a next AIPR. The information 932 includes the networkaddress 936 of the interface over which the present AIPR will send thelead packet and subsequent packets, as well as the second port number938 assigned by the session manager 808. The information 934 about thenext AIPR along the path may not yet be available, unless the AIPR isprovisioned with information about the forward path. The information 934about the next AIPR includes its network address 940 and port number942. If the information 934 about the next AIPR is not yet available,the information 934 may be filled in when the AIPR 800 processes areturn packet, as described below.

Some embodiments of the waypoint information base 900 may include theforward information 930 without the backward information 916. Otherembodiments of the waypoint information base 900 may include thebackward information 916 without the forward information 930.Statistical information may be gathered and/or calculated using eitheror both forward and backward information 916.

Returning to FIG. 14 , a lead packet modifier 812 is coupled to thesession manager 808. The lead packet modifier 812 modifies the leadpacket to store the unique identifier associated with the session. Theoriginal source client network address/port number pair, and theoriginal destination service network address/port number pair, arestored in the modified lead packet, if necessary. The lead packet may beenlarged to accommodate the additional information stored therein, orexisting space within the lead packet, such a vendor specific attributefield, may be used. Other techniques for transmitting additionalinformation are protocol specific, for example with TCP, the additionalinformation could be transmitted as a TCP Option field, or added to theSYN packet as data. In either case, the term session data block is usedto refer to the information added to the modified lead packet.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary modified lead packet 1000showing the original source and destination IP addresses 1002 and 1004,respectively, and the original source and destination port numbers 1006and 1008, respectively. FIG. 16 also shows a session data block 1010 inthe modified lead packet 1000. Although the session data block 1010 isshown as being contiguous, it may instead have its contents distributedthroughout the modified lead packet 1000. The session data block 1010may store an identification of the sending AIPR, i.e., an intermediatenode identifier 1012, such as the network address of the second networkinterface 804 and the second port number.

Returning to FIG. 14 , the lead packet modifier 812 updates the packetlength, if necessary, to reflect any enlargement of the packet. The leadpacket modifier 812 updates the checksum of the packet to reflect themodifications made to the packet. The modified lead packet is thentransmitted by a packet router 814, via the second network interface804. The modified lead packet is naturally routed, unless the AIPR 800has been provisioned with forward path information.

Eventually, the destination service sends a return packet. The AIPR 800receives the return packet via the second interface 804. If another AIPR(downstream AIPR) between the present AIPR 800 and the destinationservice handles the lead packet and the return packet, the downstreamAIPR modifies the return packet to include the downstream AIPR's networkaddress and a port number. A downstream controller 816 identifier usesstateful inspection, as described herein, to identify the return packet.The downstream controller 816 stores information 934 (FIG. 15 ),specifically the network address and port number, about the next AIPR inthe waypoint information base 900.

The present AIPR 800 may use this information to address subsequentpackets to the next AIPR. Specifically, a subsequent packet modifier 818may set the destination address of the subsequent packets to the networkaddress and port number 940 and 942 (FIG. 15 ) of the next waypoint,instead of directly to the destination service. The packet router 814sends the subsequent packets, according to their modified destinationaddresses. Thus, for each series of packets, subsequent packets flowthrough the same downstream packet flow controllers as the lead packetof the series of packets.

A last packet identifier 820 statefully follows each session to identifyan end of each stream, as discussed above. As noted, in some cases, theend is signified by a final packet, such as a TCP packet with the RSTflag set or a TCP ACK packet in return to a TCP packet with the FIN flagset. In other cases, the end may be signified by a timer expiring. Whenthe end of a session is detected, the packet series manager 808disassociates the unique identifier from the session and deletesinformation about the session from the waypoint information base 900.

Where the AIPR 800 is provisioned to be a last AIPR before a destinationservice, the lead packet modifier 806 restores the lead packet to thestate the lead packet was in when the source client sent the leadpacket, or as the lead packet was modified, such as a result of networkaddress translation (NAT). Similarly, the subsequent packet modifier 818restores subsequent packets.

Similarly, if the destination address of the lead packet is the same asthe network address of the AIPR 800, or its network interface 802 overwhich it receives the lead packets, the lead packet modifier 806 and thesubsequent packet modifier 818 restore the packet and subsequentpackets.

As noted, in some protocols, several packets are required to initiate asession, as with the SYN-SYN/ACK-ACK handshake of the TCP. Thus, thedownstream controller identifier 816 may wait until a second returnpacket is received from the destination service before considering asession as having started.

As noted, some embodiments of the waypoint 800 also manage return packetpaths. The lead packet identifier 806 automatically ascertains whether alead packet was forwarded to the waypoint 800 by an upstream waypoint.If the lead packet includes a session data block, an upstream waypointforwarded the lead packet. The packet series manager 808 storesinformation about the upstream waypoint in the waypoint information base810. A return packet identifier 822 receives return packets from thesecond network interface 804 and automatically identifies return packetsof the session. These return packets may be identified by destinationaddress and port number being equal to the information 932 (FIG. 15 ) inthe waypoint information base corresponding to the session. A returnpacket modifier modifies the return packets to address them to theupstream waypoint for the session, as identified by the information 918in the waypoint information base 900.

FIG. 17 shows a flowchart schematically illustrating some operationsperformed by the AIPR 800 (FIG. 14 ) in accordance with illustrativeembodiments of the invention. The flowchart illustrates a packet routingmethod for directing packets of a session from an originating nodetoward a destination node in an IP network. At step 1502, anintermediate node obtains a lead packet of a plurality of packets in asession. The intermediate node may include a routing device or aswitching device that performs a routing function.

The packets in the session have a unique session identifier. At step1504, a prior node, through which the lead packet traversed, isdetermined. The prior node has a prior node identifier. At step 1506, areturn association is formed between the prior node identifier and thesession identifier. At step 1508, the return association is stored inmemory to maintain state information for the session.

At step 1510, the lead packet is modified to identify at least theintermediate node. At step 1512, the lead packet is forwarded toward thedestination node though an intermediate node electronic output interfaceto the IP network. The electronic output interface is in communicationwith the IP network. At step 1514, a backward message (e.g., a packet,referred to as a “backward packet”) is received through an electronicinput interface of the intermediate node. The backward message isreceived from a next node. The next node has a next node identifier. Thebackward message includes the next node identifier and the sessionidentifier. The electronic input interface is in communication with theIP network.

At step 1516, a forward association is formed between the next nodeidentifier and the session identifier. At step 1518, the forwardassociation is stored in memory, to maintain state information for thesession. At step 1520, additional packets of the session are obtained.At step 1522, substantially all of the additional packets in the sessionare forwarded toward the next node, using the stored forwardassociation. The additional packets are forwarded through the electronicoutput interface of the intermediate node.

At step 1524, a plurality of packets is received in a return session, ora return portion of the session, from the destination. The returnsession is addressed toward the originating node. At step 1526,substantially all the packets in the return session are forwarded towardthe prior node, using the stored return association. The packets areforwarded through the electronic output interface.

As shown at step 1600 in FIG. 18 , forwarding the lead packet 1412toward the destination node may include accessing a routing informationbase having routing information for the next node. As shown at step1602, the intermediate node may have a routing table, and forwarding thelead packet 1412 toward the destination node may include using therouting table to forward the lead packet toward the destination node. Asshown at step 1604, forwarding the lead packet 1412 toward thedestination node may include using the next node identifier to addressthe lead packet toward the next node.

The lead packet may be addressed so that a plurality of network devicesreceive the lead packet after it is forwarded and before the next nodereceives the lead packet.

An AIPR 800 and all or a portion of its components 802-824 may beimplemented by a processor executing instructions stored in a memory,hardware (such as combinatorial logic, Application Specific IntegratedCircuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or otherhardware), firmware or combinations thereof. In a similar manner, therouting device utility 510 also may be implemented by a processorexecuting instructions stored in a memory, hardware (such ascombinatorial logic, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs),Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or other hardware), firmware orcombinations thereof.

Various embodiments of the invention may be implemented at least in partin any conventional computer programming language. For example, someembodiments may be implemented in a procedural programming language(e.g., “C”), or in an object oriented programming language (e.g.,“C++”). Other embodiments of the invention may be implemented as apre-configured, stand-along hardware element and/or as preprogrammedhardware elements (e.g., application specific integrated circuits,FPGAs, and digital signal processors), or other related components.

In an alternative embodiment, the disclosed apparatus and methods (e.g.,see the various flow charts described above) may be implemented as acomputer program product for use with a computer system. Suchimplementation may include a series of computer instructions fixedeither on a tangible, non-transitory medium, such as a computer readablemedium (e.g., a diskette, CD-ROM, ROM, or fixed disk). The series ofcomputer instructions can embody all or part of the functionalitypreviously described herein with respect to the system.

Those skilled in the art should appreciate that such computerinstructions can be written in a number of programming languages for usewith many computer architectures or operating systems. Furthermore, suchinstructions may be stored in any memory device, such as semiconductor,magnetic, optical or other memory devices, and may be transmitted usingany communications technology, such as optical, infrared, microwave, orother transmission technologies.

Among other ways, such a computer program product may be distributed asa removable medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation(e.g., shrink wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g.,on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronicbulletin board over the network (e.g., the Internet or World Wide Web).In fact, some embodiments may be implemented in a software-as-a-servicemodel (“SAAS”) or cloud computing model. Of course, some embodiments ofthe invention may be implemented as a combination of both software(e.g., a computer program product) and hardware. Still other embodimentsof the invention are implemented as entirely hardware, or entirelysoftware.

The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to bemerely exemplary; numerous variations and modifications will be apparentto those skilled in the art. Such variations and modifications areintended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined byany of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a networkdevice, a request for a user to access a computer network, wherein therequest comprises an initial packet of a session for a device of theuser, and wherein the initial packet comprises user information relatingto the user and a header for routing the initial packet to a destinationaddress specified within the header; in response to receiving therequest, selecting, by the network device and based on one or morefeatures of the user information, a routing policy for the user;assigning, by the network device and based on the routing policy, one ormore routes for which the user is permitted to access the computernetwork; constructing, by the network device, a modified packetcomprising the header of the initial packet and metadata inserted afterthe header, wherein the metadata specifies tenant information associatedwith a group of users to which the user belongs, wherein the tenantinformation controls forwarding of the modified packet and subsequentpackets of the session by network devices of the computer network alongthe one or more routes for which the user is permitted to access thecomputer network; and sending, by the network device, the modifiedpacket.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising authenticating, bythe network device, the user based on the one or more features of theuser information.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial packetfurther comprises machine-specific information relating to the device,and wherein selecting the routing policy for the device is based on oneor more features of the machine-specific information and one or morefeatures of the user information.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising assigning, by the network device and based on the routingpolicy, one or more of: a bandwidth allocation for the session for thedevice; a bandwidth priority for the session for the device; or aquality of service definition for the session for the device.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the metadata that specifies the tenantinformation comprises a first portion of metadata, and whereinconstructing the modified packet further comprises inserting a secondportion of metadata after the header, the second portion of metadataspecifying a session identifier for the session associated with thepacket.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising determining, by thenetwork device and based on the session identifier for the sessionassociated with the packet, a tenant comprising the group of users towhich the user belongs.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein assigning theone or more routes for which the user is permitted to access thecomputer network comprises: applying one or more Boolean expressions tothe routing policy to identify the one or more routes for which the useris permitted to access the computer network.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein selecting the routing policy for the user comprises: accessing,based on the user information, a policy database to determine a tenantcomprising the group of users to which the user belongs; and selecting,based on the tenant, the routing policy for the user.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the plurality of group routing policies comprises ahierarchical set of group routing policies, at least one of theplurality of group routing policies having at least one sub-grouprouting policy.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the user informationrelating to the user comprises one or more of: a name of the user; anorganizational unit of the user; a group of the user; one or morecertificates assigned to the user; an employment status of the user; arole in an organization of the user; a physical attribute of the user;or an access level of the user.
 11. A network device comprising one ormore processors configured to: receive a request for a user to access acomputer network, wherein the request comprises an initial packet of asession for a device of the user, and wherein the initial packetcomprises user information relating to the user and a header for routingthe initial packet to a destination address specified within the header;in response to receiving the request, select, based on one or morefeatures of the user information, a routing policy for the user; assign,based on the routing policy, one or more routes for which the user ispermitted to access the computer network; construct a modified packetcomprising the header of the initial packet and metadata inserted afterthe header, wherein the portion of metadata specifies tenant informationassociated with a group of users to which the user belongs, wherein thetenant information controls forwarding of the modified packet andsubsequent packets of the session by network devices of the computernetwork along the one or more routes for which the user is permitted toaccess the computer network; and send the modified packet.
 12. Thenetwork device of claim 11, wherein the one or more processors arefurther configured to authenticate the user based on the one or morefeatures of the user information.
 13. The network device of claim 11,wherein the initial packet further comprises machine-specificinformation relating to the device, and wherein the one or moreprocessors are configured to select the routing policy for the devicebased on one or more features of the machine-specific information andone or more features of the user information.
 14. The network device ofclaim 11, wherein the one or more processors are configured to assign,based on the routing policy, one or more of: a bandwidth allocation forthe session for the device; a bandwidth priority for the session for thedevice; or a quality of service definition for the session for thedevice.
 15. The network device of claim 11, wherein the metadata thatspecifies the tenant information comprises a first portion of metadata,and wherein the one or more processors are configured to construct themodified packet by inserting a second portion of metadata after theheader, the second portion of metadata specifying a session identifierfor the session associated with the packet.
 16. The network device ofclaim 11, wherein the one or more processors are configured to assignthe one or more routes for which the user is permitted to access thecomputer network by: applying one or more Boolean expressions to therouting policy to identify the one or more routes for which the user ispermitted to access the computer network.
 17. The network device ofclaim 11, wherein to select the routing policy for the user, the one ormore processors are configured to: access, based on the userinformation, a policy database to determine a tenant comprising thegroup of users to which the user belongs; and select, based on thetenant, the routing policy for the user.
 18. The network device of claim11, wherein the plurality of group routing policies comprises ahierarchical set of group routing policies, at least one of theplurality of group routing policies having at least one sub-grouprouting policy.
 19. The network device of claim 11, wherein the userinformation relating to the user comprises one or more of: a name of theuser; an organizational unit of the user; a group of the user; one ormore certificates assigned to the user; an employment status of theuser; a role in an organization of the user; a physical attribute of theuser; or an access level of the user.
 20. A non-transitory,computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed,are configured to cause one or more processors of a network device to:receive a request for a user to access a computer network, wherein therequest comprises an initial packet of a session for a device of theuser, and wherein the initial packet comprises user information relatingto the user and a header for routing the initial packet to a destinationaddress specified within the header; in response to receiving therequest, select, based on one or more features of the user information,a routing policy for the user; assign, based on the routing policy, oneor more routes for which the user is permitted to access the computernetwork; construct a modified packet comprising the header of theinitial packet and metadata inserted after the header, wherein theportion of metadata specifies tenant information associated with a groupof users to which the user belongs, wherein the tenant informationcontrols forwarding of the modified packet and subsequent packets of thesession by network devices of the computer network along the one or moreroutes for which the user is permitted to access the computer network;and send the modified packet.